Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Penicillin Residue for the Production of Bio-Oil over Different Homogeneous/Heterogeneous Catalysts

In this study, penicillin residue (PR) was used to prepare bio-oil by hydrothermal liquefaction. The effects of homogeneous (organic acid and alkaline catalysts) heterogeneous catalysts (zeolite molecular sieve) on the yield properties were investigated. results show that there are significant differences in catalytic performance catalysts. effect not significant, which only increased from 26.09 (no 31.44 wt.% (Na2CO3, 8 wt.%). contrast, had a more obvious effect, oil reached 36.44 after adding 5 MCM-48. Increasing amount catalyst enhanced bio-oil, but excessive amounts led secondary cracking reaction, resulting reduction bio-oil. Catalytic liquefaction reduced contents heteroatoms (oxygen, mainly), slightly C H higher heating value (HHV) energy recovery (ER) FTIR GC-MS analyses showed addition beneficial increasing hydrocarbons oxygen-containing reducing proportion nitrogen-containing substances. Comprehensive distribution aromatic, components also performed. This work is for further research preparation antibiotic fermentation residue.